Machine Training

Contents

·  Shop Safety

·  Metal Cutting Physics

·  Measurement

·  Part Layout

·  Band Saw

·  Belt Sander

·  Drill Press (and tapping holes)

·  Lathe

·  Milling Machine

·  Grinding and Buffing

·  Working with Sheet Metal

 

 

Measurement

Introduction
Calipers
Micrometer

Introduction

Measurement is the comparison of an unknown dimension to a known standard. Good measuring instruments were a key to high volume production. Without them, parts could not be built accurately enough to be interchangeable. Each assembly had to be hand fitted together. Today, measuring tools are essential for most machining operations from initial part layout to final inspection.

Calipers

The figure below depicts a caliper. It can measure lengths from 0 to 7.5 inches to a precision of one thousandth of an inch. One can measure the outside of a part with the jaws, the inside of a hole or slot with the nibs, or the depth of a hole or shoulder with the extension bar.

This particular one is has a vernier scale. It takes a little practice to read it properly. Calipers often have a dial or digital readouts instead.


A Vernier Caliper

To read a vernier caliper:

  • Read the large number division first.
  • Read the small number division.
  • Read the number of smaller subdivisions. Each represents 0.025 inches to be added to the measurement.
  • Read which line on the vernier lines up with a line on the main beam. For each line a thousandth must be added to the measurement.

An example follows:

Reading a Vernier Scale - An Example

Micrometer

A micrometer generally provides greater precision than a caliper, but can measure a smaller range of lengths. A micrometer is depicted in the drawing below.


Parts of a Micrometer

To use a micrometer, place the part in the opening. Next, turn the thimble until the spindle contacts the work. To apply a consistent pressure to the part, use the ratchet stop. Use the clamp ring to hold the thimble in place while you read the micrometer. To read the micrometer:

  • Read the exposed number on the barrel.
  • Read the number of divisions past the number. Each division represents 0.025 inches.
  • Read the division on the spindle. These usually read to less than thousandths of an inch.

An example of reading the micrometer follows:
Reading a Micrometer - An Example