Last Updated on Tuesday October 13, 2015 19:01:47 -0500by Dr. A. Drakopoulos
When preparing for the test, review homework solutions available outside Haggerty Engineering Rm 263, the textbook (see assigned textbook page numbers on the class web page, be familiar with example problems), the notes you took in class, information on the class web page, your handouts and quizzes. Make sure you understand the use of figures and tables that have been discussed in class. Formulas and/or figures will be provided. Be familiar with procedures related to runway design. You should know how to interpret (in plain English) and use equations, figures and tables. Definitions should be memorized (for example "Wind coverage"). Bring with you a calculator; also a pencil, a straight edge and a good eraser to use for your drawings. You may have to read dimensions off of provided scaled airport layout drawings.
The test
will be closed-book, closed-notes.
Please remember to turn off all electronic devices during the test.
For full credit:
Provide short, clear answers.
Use your straight edge where
appropriate.
Make sure that your answer is
reasonable.
Show calculations and provide a few words to explain their meaning.
Show units.
Mark the answer clearly.
Using tables: indicate table number
and circle/show the chosen values.
Use the straight edge to draw
lines on provided figures. Include arrows along drawn lines as shown in class.
Write input and output numbers, identify figure lines you use (e.g., dry
runway, elevation 3,500 ft.) Circle any pertinent figure information (e.g.
Temperature, flap settings)
Draw a neat sketch of the situation where appropriate. Using a straight edge is not necessary as long as the figure is neat and dimensions are shown by arrows to their exact extents.
CHAPTER 2
AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO AIRPORT DESIGN
What a/c parameters are important in airport design? Know typical values of such parameters.
Which elements of airport design are affected by a/c parameters? Be able to give specific examples.
Know the terms and be able to identify on a drawing: wing span, wheel base, wheel track, main gear, nose gear, minimum turning radius.
What are typical nose gear maximum turning angles--what angles are typically used for design?
Know the terms for typical landing gear configurations and be able to identify the configurations shown in Figure 2-3.
Components of a/c weight: definitions of OEW, ZFW, MSTOW, MATOW, MSLW, MALW, max structural payload.
Can an a/c land immediately if it takes off at MATOW? Why?
Under what conditions can an a/c takeoff at the max Gross Takeoff Weight (altitude, temperature, pressure)?
Where would an a/c be at its heaviest (ramp, taxiway, runway, cruising)?
Know the basic types of a/c engines.
What design topics were given more attention in view of higher a/c fuel prices?
What conditions are assumed to exist at sea level by the ICAO definition of the Standard Atmosphere?
How do air pressure, temperature and altitude affect the runway length needed for takeoff and landing?
What is groundspeed, airspeed?
What are typical cruise speeds for transport type (large) a/c?
Definition of nautical mile and knot.
Definition of Stall Speed and Reference Landing Speed (important for landing runway length and runway exit locations).
Be able to draw a figure to show wind, headwind, crosswind, heading, track, and crab angle.
For a given crosswind would crab angle increase or decrease if the a/c speed increases?
Payload vs. Range figure. Be able to explain its meaning. Typical ranges examined - payload and fuel assumptions.
Typical assumed pax + baggage weight.
Example Problem from your class notes.
Be able to identify important a/c weight information from a list of typical a/c weights provided by the a/c manufacturer.
How is Ferry Range defined (under what assumptions is the a/c reaching this range)?
What percent of the a/c weight does the main gear typically carry?
Describe which environmental conditions affect the chosen runway length and explain how they affect it.
Effect of headwind, tailwind and crosswind on runway design. Which wind conditions do we design for and why?
Effect of runway gradient on runway length. Maximum allowable runway gradient. Two ways runway gradient is measured.
What do we do to reduce the risk of hydroplaning on wet pavements?
What are the three cases that federal government regulations state should be satisfied in deciding runway length requirements? (Explain in words) Explain figure 2-9. If you are given this figure with missing information, be able to fill-in distance terminology and specific heights used in parts (a) (b) and (c), and explain what each part of the figure represents.
What does the Field Length consist of?
What is the stopway, what is the clearway, how are they used?
How are the limits of the Clearway defined?
How are the limits of the Stopway defined?
Be familiar with example problem 2-1
Wing tip vortices are a function of a/c speed and size. Explain.
Wing tip vortices: what are they, how do they affect a/c, how do they move in space.
CHAPTER 6
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF THE AIRFIELD
Airport classification: what a/c parameters do FAA and ICAO consider in airport classification?
Utility and Transport Airports: what types of a/c are each designed to serve?
What basic four requirements/functions should runways fulfill?
What basic requirements/functions should taxiways fulfill?
What are the basic considerations for exit taxiways (turnoffs)?
What are the most common runway configurations? (Be able to illustrate with simple drawings.) Know the terms used to describe these configurations. Be able to identify types of runway configurations.
What is the capacity of a single runway under VFR / under IFR?
Be able to discuss the importance of parallel runway spacing. What is close, intermediate and far spacing?
Discuss issues related to parallel runway system spacing: what factors are taken into account, what impacts does closer/further spacing have on safety, expenditure and capacity?
What are dual lane runways and how are they typically configured?
Intersecting runways: operating in which direction provides greater capacity?
Open V runways: operating in which direction provides greater capacity?
Relation of Terminal Building in relation to Runways/taxiways: what are the major considerations. Be able to place a terminal building when you are given a runway system.
Wind analysis: what is the major concern in orienting runways?
What is the minimum wind coverage required by FAA and ICAO? Does it apply to each individual runway or all runways collectively?
What are typical crosswind speed limits for safe a/c operations?
Be familiar with the procedures to estimate runway length for a/c greater than 60,000 lb MGTOW. (Choose proper graphs, apply proper adjustments.)
Be able to identify the functions of runway system geometric specifications described in figures 6-19 and 6-20. Be able to draw similar figures using appropriate dimensions from Tables 6-7 and 6-8
What do VMC and IMC mean? What meteorological inputs determine the limits of these two conditions?
Which agency provides meteorological data for wind analysis in the U.S.?
Know how to use the wind rose and accurately describe its contents.
Be able to identify runways, taxiways, holding bays/aprons/pads, aprons, runway thresholds, blast pads on an airport drawing.
Be familiar with the use of FAA tables and figures and their use in this chapter.
What are typical runway lengths that will allow 100% of a/c to operate safely for: small a/c, large a/c less than 60,000lb, and large a/c more than 60,000lb?
What environmental factors affect runway length, and how? (Example: a higher airport altitude will require a longer/shorter runway for the same MATOW.)
What is the purpose and location of the: runway structural pavement; shoulder; blast pad; runway safety area?
What is the requirement for sight distance along a runway?
What does Figure 6-21 indicate?
Know how to apply the FAA limits for longitudinal runway gradient and longitudinal grade change.
What is a taxiway and what is a taxilane?
Know how to use taxiway and taxilane gradient, dimension and separation tables (FAA standards)
What are typical runway exit configurations? What are advantages and disadvantages of each? How does runway exit geometry relate to its distance from the runway threshold?
What environmental factors affect runway exit locations and how?
Be familiar with the use of Tables 6-24, 6-25, 6-26, 6-27
Be able to recognize the FAR Part 77 types and shapes of imaginary surfaces (primary surface, horizontal surface, conical surface, approach surface, transitional surface). Be able to identify them on a figure.
Be able to solve problems involving objects in the vicinity of airports. Specific dimensions and shapes of imaginary surfaces will be provided for such problems.
Know how the TERPS-based Instrument Landing System approach procedure works at the Guam Agana International Airport (be able to provide explanations if you are given the class handout).
What is "track-in" when an a/c travels along a taxiway curve? (be able to fill-in the terms used in Figure 6-36).
What are End-Around taxiways? What benefits are expected from their use?
What is the use of holding aprons/pads/bays? Where are they typically located? What are desirable characteristics? Be able to sketch typical examples.
Holding Bays (run-up/warm-up pads): location, uses, safety and efficient operation concerns.
Holding Aprons: use, location.
Be able to provide apron area dimensions using appropriate separations between a/c, terminal buildings, taxilanes, taxiways, runways etc.
CHAPTER 12
Airport Airside Capacity and Delay
Definitions and assumptions used in these definitions: Airside Capacity; Maximum (ultimate) capacity, Demand
Relations between capacity and demand; manifestations of demand exceeding capacity
Definition of airfield operation
Airport design goals in terms of capacity
Relationship between capacity, cost and delay. Who are the stakeholders?
Objectives of capacity and delay studies
What analysis tools are available to evaluate capacity and delay?
Airfield Capacity: definitions of “Practical capacity” and Ultimate (throughput) capacity. Fundamental difference between the two.
Which capacity is easier to model mathematically?
Factors That Affect Airfield Capacity
How does spacing between a/c affect capacity?
Which factors affect a/c spacing?
familiar with using equations for models for mixed operations.